Technology and Projects
CHAPTER 1 – WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY? ………. 6
1.1 IS TECHNOLOGY RELATED TO SOCIETY? ………. 6
1.2 NAMES OF THE TOOLS IN THE WORKSHOP ………. 8
CHAPTER 2 – PROJECTS ………. 14
2.1 RESOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ………. 14
2.2 STEPS OF A PROJECT ………. 15
2.3 EXAMPLE OF THE DOCUMENTS OF A PROJECT ………. 20
Drawing
CHAPTER 3 – DRAWING TOOLS AND BASIC TECHNIQUES ………. 22
3.1 DRAWING TOOLS ………. 22
3.2 BASIC DRAWING TECHNIQUES ………. 25
CHAPTER 4 – ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING ………. 28
4.1 DRAFTING ………. 28
4.2 DRAWING ………. 28
4.3 STANDARDIZATION ………. 29
4.4 FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION ………. 30
Materials
CHAPTER 5 – PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS ………. 36
5.1 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS ………. 36
5.2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS ………. 36
CHAPTER 6 – WOOD ………. 42
6.1 PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF WOOD ………. 43
6.2 PROCESSING AND TREATMENT OF NATURAL WOOD ………. 43
6.3 SOME COMMONLY USED TYPES OF WOOD ………. 44
6.4 ARTIFICIAL WOOD PLANKS ………. 46
6.5 APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL AND PROCESSED WOOD ………. 46
6.6 PRODUCTION OF PAPER ………. 47
6.7 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR WOODWORKING ………. 47
CHAPTER 7 – METALS ………. 52
7.1 STEEL ………. 53
7.2 CAST IRON ………. 53
7.3 PRODUCTION OF CAST IRON AND STEEL ………. 54
7.4 SPECIAL STEELS ………. 55
7.5 NON FERROUS METALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES ………. 56
7.6 NON FERROUS ALLOYS AND THEIR PROPERTIES ………. 57
7.7 METALWORKING ………. 57
Structures, Mechanisms and Electricity
CHAPTER 8 – STRUCTURES ………. 60
8.1 TYPES OF STRUCTURES ………. 60
8.2 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ………. 63
8.3 TYPES OF UNIONS ………. 63
8.4 FORCES ON STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ………. 64
8.5 APPLICATIONS ………. 66
8.6 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR, USING DIFFERENT MODELS ………. 66
CHAPTER 9 – MECHANISMS ………. 68
9.1 BELTS ………. 69
9.2 PULLEYS ………. 69
9.3 LEVERS ………. 70
9.4 GEARS ………. 72
9.5 CRANKSHAFT ………. 74
9.6 CLUTCH ………. 74
9.7 BRAKES ………. 74
CHAPTER 10 – ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS ………. 75
10.1 WHAT IS AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT? ………. 76
10.2 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICITY ………. 77
10.3 ELEMENTS OF AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ………. 78
10.4 ELECTRIC SYMBOLS ………. 79
10.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS ………. 79
10.6 MAGNITUDES IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS ………. 80
10.7 TYPES OF CIRCUITS AND THEIR PROPERTIES ………. 79
Energy and Machines
CHAPTER 11 – NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY ………. 84
11.1 URANIUM ………. 86
11.2 COAL ………. 87
11.3 CRUDE OIL ………. 87
11.4 NATURAL GAS ………. 90
CHAPTER 12 – RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY ………. 92
12.1 HYDRO-ELECTRIC DAMS ………. 93
12.2 WIND POWER ………. 94
12.3 SOLAR POWER ………. 96
12.4 NUCLEAR FUSION ………. 97
CHAPTER 13 – THERMAL MACHINES ………. 100
13.1 EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ………. 101
13.2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ………. 103
13.3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FOSSIL FUELS ………. 107
13.4 REFRIGERATORS AND AIR CONDITIONERS ………. 107
Computing
CHAPTER 14 – HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ………. 110
14.1 WHAT IS A COMPUTER? ………. 110
14.2 HARDWARE ………. 110
14.3 SOFTWARE ………. 113
CHAPTER 15 – COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY: THE INTERNET 119
15.1 HISTORY OF THE WEB ………. 120
15.2 THE TECHNOLOGY BEHIND THE WEB ………. 121
15.3 STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNET ………. 122
15.4 SEARCHING FOR INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET ………. 123
15.5 THE COMPUTER AS A COMMUNICATION TOOL: EMAIL, CHATS, VIDEO-CONFERENCING ………. 125
